Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders Act

An Act respecting certain measures relating to the security of Canada's borders and the integrity of the Canadian immigration system and respecting other related security measures

Sponsor

Status

In committee (House), as of Oct. 23, 2025

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Summary

This is from the published bill.

Part 1 amends the Customs Act to provide the Canada Border Services Agency with facilities free of charge for carrying out any purpose related to the administration or enforcement of that Act and other Acts of Parliament and to provide officers of that Agency with access at certain locations to goods destined for export. It also includes transitional provisions.
Part 2 amends the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act to create a new temporary accelerated scheduling pathway that allows the Minister of Health to add precursor chemicals to Schedule V to that Act. It also makes related amendments to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (Police Enforcement) Regulations and the Precursor Control Regulations .
Part 3 amends the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act and the Cannabis Act to confirm that the Governor in Council may, on the recommendation of the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, make regulations exempting members of law enforcement from the application of any provision of the Criminal Code that creates drug-related inchoate offences when they are undertaking lawful investigations.
Part 4 amends the Oceans Act to provide that coast guard services include activities related to security and to authorize the responsible minister to collect, analyze and disclose information and intelligence.
Part 5 amends the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Act to authorize the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration to disclose, for certain purposes and subject to any regulations, personal information under the control of the Department within the Department and to certain other federal and provincial government entities.
It also amends the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act to authorize the making of regulations relating to the disclosure of information collected for the purposes of that Act to federal departments and agencies.
Part 6 amends the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act to, among other things,
(a) eliminate the designated countries of origin regime;
(b) authorize the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration to specify the information and documents that are required in support of a claim for refugee protection;
(c) authorize the Refugee Protection Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board to determine that claims for refugee protection that have not yet been referred to the Refugee Protection Division have been abandoned in certain circumstances;
(d) provide the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration with the power to determine that claims for refugee protection that have not yet been referred to the Refugee Protection Division have been withdrawn in certain circumstances;
(e) require the Refugee Protection Division and the Refugee Appeal Division to suspend certain proceedings respecting a claim for refugee protection if the claimant is not present in Canada;
(f) clarify that decisions of the Immigration and Refugee Board must be rendered, and reasons for those decisions must be given, in the manner specified by its Chairperson; and
(g) authorize regulations to be made setting out the circumstances in which the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration or the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness must designate, in relation to certain proceedings or applications, a representative for persons who are under 18 years of age or who are unable to appreciate the nature of the proceeding or application.
It also includes transitional provisions.
Part 7 amends the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act to, among other things,
(a) authorize the Governor in Council to make an order specifying that certain applications made under that Act are not to be accepted for processing, or that the processing of those applications is to be suspended or terminated, when the Governor in Council is of the opinion that it is in the public interest to do so;
(b) authorize the Governor in Council to make an order to cancel, suspend or vary certain documents issued under that Act, or to impose or vary conditions, when the Governor in Council is of the opinion that it is in the public interest to do so;
(c) for the application of an order referred to in paragraph (b), require a person to appear for an examination, answer questions truthfully and produce all relevant documents or evidence that an officer requires; and
(d) authorize the Governor in Council to make regulations prescribing circumstances in which a document issued under that Act can be cancelled, suspended or varied, and in which officers may terminate the processing of certain applications made under that Act.
Part 8 amends the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act to add two new grounds of ineligibility for claims for refugee protection as well as powers to make regulations respecting exceptions to those new grounds. It also includes a transitional provision respecting the retroactive application of those new grounds.
Part 9 amends the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act to, among other things,
(a) increase the maximum administrative monetary penalties that may be imposed for certain violations and the maximum punishments that may be imposed for certain criminal offences under that Act;
(b) replace the existing optional compliance agreement regime with a new mandatory compliance agreement regime that, among other things,
(i) requires every person or entity that receives an administrative monetary penalty for a prescribed violation to enter into a compliance agreement with the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (the Centre),
(ii) requires the Director of the Centre to make a compliance order if the person or entity refuses to enter into a compliance agreement or fails to comply with such an agreement, and
(iii) designates the contravention of a compliance order as a new violation under that Act;
(c) require persons or entities referred to in section 5 of that Act, other than those already required to register, to enroll with the Centre; and
(d) authorize the Centre to disclose certain information to the Commissioner of Canada Elections, subject to certain conditions.
It also makes consequential and related amendments to the Retail Payment Activities Act and the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Administrative Monetary Penalties Regulations and includes transitional provisions.
Part 10 amends the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Act to make the Director of the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada a member of the committee established under subsection 18(1) of that Act. It also amends the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act to enable the Director to exchange information with the other members of that committee.
Part 11 amends the Sex Offender Information Registration Act to, among other things,
(a) make certain changes to a sex offender’s reporting obligations, including the circumstances in which they are required to report, the information that must be provided and the time within which it is to be provided;
(b) provide that any of a sex offender’s physical characteristics that may assist in their identification may be recorded when they report to a registration centre;
(c) clarify what may constitute a reasonable excuse for a sex offender’s non-compliance with the requirement to give at least 14 days’ notice prior to a departure from their residence for seven or more consecutive days;
(d) authorize the Canada Border Services Agency to disclose certain information relating to a sex offender’s arrival in and departure from Canada to law enforcement agencies for the purposes of the administration and enforcement of that Act;
(e) authorize, in certain circumstances, the disclosure of information collected under that Act if there are reasonable grounds to believe that it will assist in the prevention or investigation of a crime of a sexual nature; and
(f) clarify that a person who discloses information under section 16 of that Act with the belief that they are acting in accordance with that section is not guilty of an offence under section 17 of that Act.
It also makes a related amendment to the Customs Act .

Elsewhere

All sorts of information on this bill is available at LEGISinfo, an excellent resource from Parliament. You can also read the full text of the bill.

Bill numbers are reused for different bills each new session. Perhaps you were looking for one of these other C-12s:

C-12 (2022) Law An Act to amend the Old Age Security Act (Guaranteed Income Supplement)
C-12 (2020) Law Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act
C-12 (2020) Law An Act to amend the Financial Administration Act (special warrant)
C-12 (2016) An Act to amend the Canadian Forces Members and Veterans Re-establishment and Compensation Act and to make consequential amendments to other Acts

Debate Summary

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This is a computer-generated summary of the speeches below. Usually it’s accurate, but every now and then it’ll contain inaccuracies or total fabrications.

Bill C-12 aims to strengthen Canada's borders and immigration system by addressing security, transnational crime, fentanyl, and illicit financing. It proposes amendments to various acts, including those related to customs, oceans, and immigration.

Liberal

  • Strengthens border security and combats organized crime: The Liberal party supports Bill C-12 to keep Canadians safe by strengthening border security, combating transnational organized crime, stopping fentanyl flow, and cracking down on money laundering and auto theft.
  • Modernizes immigration and asylum systems: The bill modernizes the asylum system through new ineligibility rules for late or irregular claims, streamlines processing, enhances information sharing, and allows for managing immigration documents during crises.
  • Balances security with humanitarian values: The party asserts that Bill C-12 strikes a balance between protecting borders and privacy rights, ensuring due process, and upholding Canada's humanitarian tradition for genuine asylum seekers.

Conservative

  • Protected Canadians' privacy and freedoms: The party forced the Liberal government to remove invasive measures from the original Bill C-2, such as warrantless mail searches and access to personal data, which were deemed violations of Canadians' privacy and freedoms.
  • Denounces soft-on-crime policies: Conservatives criticize the government's soft-on-crime agenda, arguing that previous legislation led to increased violent crime, "catch-and-release" bail, and insufficient penalties for serious offenses.
  • Calls for border and immigration reform: The party asserts that Liberal policies have created a broken immigration system with massive backlogs and porous borders, leading to increased illegal crossings, human trafficking, and insufficient resources for border security.
  • Demands tougher action on fentanyl: While Bill C-12 includes measures to ban fentanyl precursors, the party demands mandatory prison sentences for traffickers and opposes government-supported drug consumption sites near schools, advocating for recovery-based care.

NDP

  • Opposes bill C-12: The NDP strongly opposes Bill C-12, viewing it as a repackaged Bill C-2 that doubles down on anti-migrant and anti-refugee policies, rejected by over 300 civil society organizations.
  • Undefined executive powers: The bill grants cabinet unchecked power to suspend applications or cancel documents in the "public interest" without definition, guidelines, evidence, or judicial oversight, allowing arbitrary decisions.
  • Harms vulnerable migrants: The bill directly harms vulnerable migrants by imposing arbitrary timelines for asylum claims, risking the deportation of those fleeing violence and persecution, and undermining international obligations.
  • Panders to anti-immigrant narratives: The NDP argues the bill panders to a Trump-style anti-immigrant narrative, undermining Canada's reputation as a welcoming country and reinforcing a repressive rather than humanitarian approach.

Bloc

  • Supports bill C-12 with caveats: The Bloc Québécois supports sending Bill C-12 to committee as it removed contentious privacy-violating clauses from Bill C-2, but clarifies their support is not a "carte blanche" endorsement.
  • Demands enhanced border security: The party advocates for a dedicated border department, increased CBSA and RCMP staffing, greater operational flexibility for officers, and proper infrastructure for inspections, alongside tougher penalties for smugglers.
  • Addresses immigration and refugee system: The Bloc supports closing Safe Third Country Agreement loopholes and ministerial powers to cancel fraudulent visas, while demanding fairer distribution of asylum seekers and adequate funding for Quebec.
  • Combats organized crime and fraud: The party calls for better control of illegal firearms, increased patrols, oversight against money laundering, and action on the fentanyl crisis to protect citizens and their economic security.

Green

  • Opposes omnibus bills: The Green Party opposes Bill C-12 as an omnibus bill, arguing that issues touching on many different acts should be studied separately, not combined.
  • Bill C-12 is unacceptable: Despite some changes from Bill C-2, Bill C-12 remains unacceptable due to provisions that invade privacy and negatively impact refugees.
  • Calls for bill withdrawal: The Green Party asserts that issues in both Bill C-2 and Bill C-12 are not fixable, demanding their immediate withdrawal.
Was this summary helpful and accurate?

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 4:55 p.m.

Conservative

Jason Groleau Conservative Beauce, QC

Mr. Speaker, I do not know if my colleague is familiar with the business world, but it has been left to its own devices. When it comes to the threshold that was approved without consulting the provinces, there is a difference between illegal immigrants and the foreign workers who are needed in our regions, especially those where the unemployment rate is extremely low—that is, less than 5.5%—as the Conservative Party has mentioned.

I would like to remind my colleague that it is essential to consult the provinces.

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 4:55 p.m.

Bloc

Maxime Blanchette-Joncas Bloc Rimouski—La Matapédia, QC

Mr. Speaker, my colleague was obviously speaking of the reality on the ground.

I would like him to tell us where the Conservative Party was when people were entering Canada through the irregular border crossing at Roxham Road. In five years, more than 150,000 people made that journey. That is the reality on the ground. The Conservative Party said not a word; it had no plan and no solutions.

I would also like to remind my colleague of Quebec's motto: “Je me souviens”, or I remember.

When the Conservative Party formed the government in 2015 under Stephen Harper, its plan was to cut border officers. That is the reality on the ground today.

I would like my colleague to tell us, in all honesty, what the plan is: Does he want more border control, but fewer staff? I would like him to explain that to me.

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5 p.m.

Conservative

Jason Groleau Conservative Beauce, QC

Mr. Speaker, I appreciate my colleague's question. He is one of my most pleasant colleagues here. I appreciate him.

As to his question, I was not in the House at the time. However, I am not sure about this, but I believe he was here and supported a number of the Liberal government's decisions, some of which had to do with Roxham Road.

I am surprised that he is talking to me about it, given that he supported most of the Liberal government's proposals when he was in the House.

I am a little disappointed.

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5 p.m.

Conservative

Kelly McCauley Conservative Edmonton West, AB

Mr. Speaker, we have heard a lot about the scourge of fentanyl and what it is doing to Canadians. More Canadians have been killed over the last 10 years, since the Liberals took over, than died in the Second World War.

I wonder if my colleague could opine on what he thinks the reason is that the government has waited so long to bring in some of these reforms. Fentanyl has been killing Canadians for a full decade. Why have the Liberals waited until just now to bring in some of these necessary reforms?

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5 p.m.

Conservative

Jason Groleau Conservative Beauce, QC

Mr. Speaker, they did nothing for 10 years. The answer to my colleague's question is as simple as that.

By anyone's standards, the borders are porous. We have all seen that. Outside those doors, we can all see that one plus one equals two. Only the Liberal government cannot see it. Drugs get through the borders. There are not enough officers. They need support. Announcements have been made, but there are none on the ground.

As we said earlier, it is important to have those on-the-ground connections and be close to the people. That right there is one of the Liberal government's big problems.

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5 p.m.

Liberal

Caroline Desrochers Liberal Trois-Rivières, QC

Mr. Speaker, I would like my colleague to clarify something. I am a bit confused.

At the Standing Committee on Human Resources, Skills and Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities, our Conservative colleagues seem to want to destroy the temporary foreign worker program, saying that it is not needed and that it is causing youth unemployment, when we know full well that businesses need it, as my colleague said.

I would like him to clarify the Conservative Party's position.

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5 p.m.

Conservative

Jason Groleau Conservative Beauce, QC

Mr. Speaker, some parts of Canada are experiencing very high unemployment. We can agree with that. As our proposal says, regions where unemployment is below 5.5% need foreign workers.

That is our proposal, and ours is the best one.

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5 p.m.

Conservative

Michael Guglielmin Conservative Vaughan—Woodbridge, ON

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to speak to Bill C-12, the strengthening Canada's immigration system and borders act, a piece of legislation the Liberals have hastily introduced in the wake of Conservative opposition to their previous omnibus bill, Bill C-2.

Before addressing Bill C-12 directly, it is essential to reflect on the deeply flawed Bill C-2. This omnibus bill, which sprawls across 140 pages and would amend over a dozen pieces of legislation, was a dangerous attempt by the Liberals to consolidate sweeping powers that would trample on Canadians' fundamental rights and freedoms. The bill was so broad and so intrusive that it sparked serious concern not only from Conservatives, but from legal experts, privacy advocates, opposition parties and of course everyday Canadians. At my office, we received numerous calls and have had numerous correspondence with constituents who are deeply concerned with the provisions of Bill C-2, which I will detail later in my speech.

The Conservatives played a pivotal role in pushing the government back from its original overreach in Bill C-2. Part 4 of Bill C-2, for example, would have allowed Canada Post to open any mail without a warrant, which is a flagrant violation of privacy in a country that prides itself on liberal democratic values. Thankfully, this part has been stripped from Bill C-12, though it is still in Bill C-2, which remains before Parliament.

Similarly, Bill C-2 included sweeping warrantless powers for the government to demand personal data from electronic service providers, banks and telecommunications companies, which was done under parts 14, 15 and 16. These powers would have allowed the government to collect detailed location and subscriber information without judicial oversight, disregarding basic principles of privacy and due process. The Privacy Commissioner himself confirmed that the government had failed to consult him before pushing these alarming measures, which is a stark reminder of how little regard the Liberals have for Canadians' privacy rights.

The clauses within Bill C-2 were sharply criticized for threatening personal privacy and potentially breaching the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, including section 15, the right to be treated equally under the law. This is according to an analysis by the Library of Parliament.

Matt Hatfield, the executive director of the advocacy group OpenMedia, said, per The Globe and Mail:

...the proposal could compel a large range of electronic service providers, including social media platforms, e-mail and messaging services, gaming platforms, telecoms and cloud storage companies, to disclose information about their subscribers including the province and local area where they use their services without judicial oversight.

This is not the Canada that Canadians expect. Law-abiding citizens deserve privacy protections, not to be treated as collateral damage in a government's quest to expand its control.

Again, the Conservatives have been proud to stand firm and force the government to remove these unjustified intrusions from Bill C-12. That is the duty of a principled opposition: to safeguard Canadians' freedoms and hold the government accountable.

While Bill C-12 is an improvement and is something that the Conservatives plan to support and send to committee for further study, it does remain incomplete. One glaring failure of Bill C-12 is that the Liberal government still refuses to take seriously the fentanyl crisis, a crisis ravaging Canadian families, devastating communities and destroying lives across this country.

Let me remind the House of the Prime Minister's own words earlier this year, when he dismissed the fentanyl crisis as merely a “challenge” in Canada, while calling it a “crisis” in the United States. Such minimization is not only out of touch, but deeply irresponsible.

Health Canada reports that fentanyl was involved in 79% of opioid-related deaths in the first half of 2024, a staggering increase over previous years. Despite this crisis, the Liberals continue to push for drug consumption sites near schools. At the health committee, the Conservatives called for the Liberals to shut down fentanyl consumption sites next to children, but the health minister refused to rule out approving more of these consumption sites next to schools and day cares.

Canadian police have uncovered and dismantled superlabs manufacturing kilograms of this lethal drug within our borders, fuelling a national emergency that the government continues to downplay. Bill C-12 fails to implement mandatory minimum sentencing for fentanyl traffickers, the very criminals who are poisoning our streets and fuelling the opioid epidemic. The Liberals continue to resist measures that would ensure traffickers face serious consequences for flooding our streets with this extremely lethal poison.

The Liberal government claims to be tough on crime. We have heard the Secretary of State for Combatting Crime say this very thing, yet people of my riding of Vaughan-Woodbridge and across this country see it very differently. They see a much different reality, one marked by rising shootings, brazen bank robberies and increasing violent crime.

The Liberals continue to refuse to close the loopholes that allow catch-and-release bail for fentanyl dealers and firearms traffickers, loopholes that criminal gangs exploit to terrorize our communities. The Liberal government has had ample opportunity to address the seriousness of crime affecting our country. Since they have taken power, violent crime is up 50% and violent firearms offences are up 116%, increasing for nine straight years. Auto theft, which is a huge issue in Vaughan, is up 46% nationally. Everyone in my community knows someone who knows someone who has had their vehicle either stolen or attempted to be stolen. Gang related homicides are also up 78%.

The Conservatives unequivocally believe that trafficking lethal fentanyl is the moral equivalent of murder. That is why we demand mandatory, harsh prison sentences for those who manufacture, import, export and traffic fentanyl. Those who profit from addiction must face swift and serious consequences. The government's unwillingness to adopt these common-sense measures sends a clear message: Criminals can operate with impunity while Canadians suffer.

The failures do not end there. The Liberals also refuse to acknowledge their abject failure on border security, another critical element that Bill C-12 purportedly aims to address. Earlier this year, the Canada Border Services Agency revealed that 600 foreign criminals were scheduled for deportation, but now they have gone missing in custody. This is completely unacceptable and represents a grave threat to public safety.

Canada's border must be secure to protect Canadians from criminals and illegal activities, including fentanyl trafficking and gun smuggling. Canadians deserve better from their government, one that respects their privacy, does not overreach with warrantless surveillance powers and is serious about fighting fentanyl by imposing real consequences on traffickers. Canadians deserve a government that protects our borders, enforces immigration laws fairly and firmly and supports law enforcement in combatting organized crime, and a government that does not leave foreign criminals at large in our communities.

Canadians are looking to this House for leadership, not partisanship, on critical issues like public safety and immigration. While we have serious concerns about how the government first approached matters in Bill C-2, we also acknowledge that Bill C-12 represents a step in the right direction. This very step came because Canadians raised their voices and the Conservatives did our job: We were listening, we pushed back and we demanded better on behalf of the citizens of this country.

Our work here is not done. We will support moving Bill C-12 to committee, where it will be scrutinized carefully, and we will work to improve it even further.

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5:10 p.m.

Liberal

Doug Eyolfson Liberal Winnipeg West, MB

Mr. Speaker, I share the member's concerns about why addressing crime is so important. My father was in the RCMP for 24 years, and I work in the emergency department, where I see the effects of crime.

I found the statements in his speech rather incongruous. It is almost as though this is Schrödinger's government: at one point being too soft on the population and, on the other side, violating people's rights.

The member talked about mandatory minimum sentences, yet the Supreme Court of Canada has repeatedly said that mandatory minimum sentences are a violation of human rights. Does the member think we should not obey the Supreme Court of Canada?

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5:10 p.m.

Conservative

Michael Guglielmin Conservative Vaughan—Woodbridge, ON

Mr. Speaker, in the Supreme Court's decision in R v. Lloyd, the Supreme Court ruled that the government should narrow its scope for mandatory minimum sentencing, and that is exactly what I spoke about in my speech. We should narrow the scope and target it toward people who are trafficking, importing and producing fentanyl. We should target it toward organized crime and, as we said before, have the harshest mandatory minimums for people who produce and traffic in excess of 45 milligrams, which is a lethal dose. That is very targeted and specific and fits the scope.

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5:10 p.m.

Bloc

Gabriel Ste-Marie Bloc Joliette—Manawan, QC

Mr. Speaker, I commend my colleague on his fine speech. I have the pleasure of working with him on the Standing Committee on Industry.

As he said, my party will also support this bill at second reading. We look forward to thoroughly analyzing this bill in committee.

That said, the major problem we see is that there are a lot of commitments, but there are staff shortages at the CBSA and the RCMP.

What does my hon. colleague think about that?

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5:10 p.m.

Conservative

Michael Guglielmin Conservative Vaughan—Woodbridge, ON

Mr. Speaker, I share my colleague's concern and disbelief, frankly, because what we have seen over and over again with the Liberals is they say one thing and do nothing. As we know, so far no new border agents have been hired, and we certainly support the hiring of more border service agents to ensure we have widespread security across our border.

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5:15 p.m.

Conservative

Kelly McCauley Conservative Edmonton West, AB

Mr. Speaker, can my colleague give his opinion on the government's inability to commit to banning consumption sites near schools and playgrounds?

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5:15 p.m.

Conservative

Michael Guglielmin Conservative Vaughan—Woodbridge, ON

Mr. Speaker, it comes down to a lack of attention to the problem, in my view. We have been sounding the alarm for a while now that having drug consumption sites next to schools and day cares is completely unacceptable. It is an infringement on the morals we hold deep in this country to keep drugs and crime away from children. We know these areas are riddled with drugs and criminal activity. We hope the Liberals do the right thing and decide to remove drug sites around schools, day cares and the presence of children because it is the right thing to do.

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders ActGovernment Orders

October 21st, 2025 / 5:15 p.m.

Winnipeg North Manitoba

Liberal

Kevin Lamoureux LiberalParliamentary Secretary to the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons

Mr. Speaker, to be very clear, provinces and municipalities dictate where the safe sites go. To try to blame Ottawa for something that is not within its jurisdiction is irresponsible.

Does the member not have any confidence in the municipalities and the province he represents? Does he believe the province should not be responsible for safe sites, along with municipalities?